Carbon And It's Compound Class 10 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 4
CBSE NCERT Class 10 Notes Revision Science Chapter 4 Carbon And It's Compounds topics given in textbook are part of Revision Notes for Class
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Carbon
➢ Carbon is Non-Metal. Its symbol is C.
➢ All the living things, Plants and animals are made up of Carbon.
➢ Carbon always forms covalent bonds
➢ The atomic number of carbon is 6.
Element configuration
K L
C(6) 2 4
Covalent Bond
➢ A covalent bond is formed when pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms.
➢ It is mostly formed between two same nonmetallic atoms or
between nonmetallic atoms.
Examples of Covalent Bonding
1) Single Bond in Hydrogen (H2)
Hydrogen needs 1 more ein outermost shell to complete octet.
2) Double Bond in Oxygen (O2)
Oxygen needs 2 more ein outermost shell to complete octet.
3) Triple Bond in Nitrogen (N2)
Nitrogen needs 3 more ein outermost shell to complete octet.
O
H
H
+
Or H-H
H
H
O
O
+
Or O=O
O
O
Or N=N
N
4) Water (H2O)
Oxygen needs 2 e to complete its octet while Hydrogen needs 1
e, So Oxygen shares one-one electron from 2 hydrogens to
complete its octet.
Physical Properties of Covalent Compounds
a) Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points as they
have weak intermolecular force.
b) They are generally poor conductor of electricity as electron are shared between atoms therefore no charged particles are formed.
How carbon attain Noble gas configuration?
Carbon is Tetravalent, it does not form ionic bond by either losing
four electrons (C4+
) or by gaining four electrons (C4-
). It is difficult to hold four extra electron and would require large amount of
energy to remove four electrons.
So, carbon can form bond by
sharing of its electrons with the electrons of other carbon atom or
with other element and attain noble gas configuration.
Versatile Nature of Carbon
The three characteristic properties of carbon element which lead
to the formation of large number of compounds.
1) Catenation -
The self-linking of atoms of an element to create chains
and rings by covalent bonds.
2) Tetravalency –
Carbon has 4 valence electrons. Carbon can bond with four
carbon atoms, monovalent atoms, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
3) Tendency to form Multiple Bonds –
Due to its small size carbon has a strong tendency to form
multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) by sharing more than
one electron pair with its own atoms or with the atoms like
oxygen, nitrogen etc.
Allotropes of Carbon
Allotropy is the property by which an element exists in more than
one form and each form has different Physical Properties but
similar Chemical Properties.
Diamond
➢ It is formed by bonding of each carbon atom is Covalently
bonded to four other forming Rigid 3-D Structure.
➢ It is the hardest thing on Earth.
➢ It is a bad conductor of electricity. This is because all the valence electrons of each Carbon are involved in the Covalent Bonding, and no unpaired electrons are left in the crystal It has very high melting point.
➢ It is used for making Jewellery and cutting Glasses
Graphite
➢ It is formed by bonding of each carbon atom hexagonally (six members rings) in same plane.
➢ It is very soft and slippery because Layers can slide over one
another.
➢ It is a good conductor of electricity because in graphite every
carbon is bonded with three other carbon atoms. So last
electron in every carbon atom is free to move.
➢ It is used for making Pencil Leads, Engine Oils, Batteries and
Cells
Fullerene
➢ Fullerenes form another class of carbon allotropes.
➢ First one to be identified was C – 60, which has carbon atom
arranged in the shape of football.
➢ It has 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. )
Hydrocarbon
Compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbon
Saturated
Unsaturated
Saturated -
Compounds of carbon which are linked only by single bonds between
the carbon atoms.
Types of saturated hydrocarbons -
Alkanes - The hydrocarbons in which all the carbon atoms are
linked by only single covalent bonds are called alkanes.
General formula - CnH2n+2
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